Intranasal delivery of a cDC1 targeted influenza vaccine with poly(I:C) enhances T cell responses and protects against influenza infection.

Targeting antigens to dendritic cells represent a promising method for enhancing immune responses against specific antigens. However, many studies have focused on systemic delivery (intravenous or intraperitoneally) of targeted antigen, approaches that are not easily transferable to humans. Here we evaluate the efficacy of an influenza vaccine targeting Xcr1+ cDC1 administered by intranasal immunization. Intranasal delivery of antigen fused to the chemokine Xcl1, the ligand of Xcr1, resulted in specific uptake by lung CD103+ cDC1. Interestingly, intranasal immunization with influenza A/PR/8/34 haemagglutinin (HA) fused to Xcl1, formulated with poly(I:C), resulted in enhanced induction of antigen-specific IFNγ+ CD4+ and IFNγ+ CD8+ T cell responses in lung compared non-targeted anti-NIP-HA (αNIP-HA). Induction of antibody responses was, however, similar in Xcl1-HA and αNIP-HA immunized mice, but significantly higher than in mice immunized with monomeric HA. Both Xcl1-HA and αNIP-HA vaccines induced full protection when mice were challenged with a lethal dose of influenza PR8 virus, reflecting the strong induction of HA-specific antibodies. Our results demonstrate that i.n. delivery of Xcl1-HA is a promising vaccine strategy for enhancing T cell responses in addition to inducing strong antibody responses.

CD103 integrin identifies a high IL-10-producing FoxP3+ regulatory T-cell population suppressing allergic airway inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Although FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells constitute a highly heterogeneous population, with different regulatory potential depending on the disease context, distinct subsets or phenotypes remain poorly defined. This hampers the development of immunotherapy for allergic and autoimmune disorders. The present study aimed at characterizing distinct FoxP3+ Treg subpopulations involved in the suppression of Th2-mediated allergic inflammation in the lung. METHODS: We used an established mouse model of allergic airway disease based on ovalbumin sensitization and challenge to analyze FoxP3+ Tregs during the induction and resolution of inflammation, and identify markers that distinguish their most suppressive phenotypes. We also developed a new knock-in mouse model (Foxp3cre Cd103dtr ) enabling the specific ablation of CD103+ FoxP3+ Tregs for functional studies. RESULTS: We found that during resolution of allergic airway inflammation in mice >50% of FoxP3+ Treg cells expressed the integrin CD103 which marks FoxP3+ Treg cells of high IL-10 production, increased expression of immunoregulatory molecules such as KLRG1, ICOS and CD127, and enhanced suppressive capacity for Th2-mediated inflammatory responses. CD103+ FoxP3+ Tregs were essential for keeping allergic inflammation under control as their specific depletion in Foxp3cre Cd103dtr mice lead to severe alveocapillary damage, eosinophilic pneumonia, and markedly reduced lifespan of the animals. Conversely, adoptive transfer of CD103+ FoxP3+ Tregs effectively treated disease, attenuating Th2 responses and allergic inflammation in an IL-10-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies a novel regulatory T-cell population, defined by CD103 expression, programmed to prevent exuberant type 2 inflammation and keep homeostasis in the respiratory tract under control. This has important therapeutic implications.

Systematic analysis of CD39, CD103, CD137, and PD-1 as biomarkers for naturally occurring tumor antigen-specific TILs.

The detection of tumor-specific T cells in solid tumors is integral to interrogate endogenous antitumor responses and to advance downstream therapeutic applications. Multiple biomarkers are reported to identify endogenous tumor-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), namely CD137, PD-1, CD103, and CD39; however, a direct comparison of these molecules has yet to be performed. We evaluated these biomarkers in primary human ovarian tumor samples using single-cell mass cytometry to compare their relative phenotypic profiles, and examined their response to autologous tumor cells ex vivo. PD-1+ , CD103+ , and CD39+ TILs all contain a CD137+ cell subset, while CD137+ TILs highly co-express the aforementioned markers. CD137+ TILs exhibit the highest expression of cytotoxic effector molecules compared to PD-1+ , CD103+ , or CD39+ TILs. Removal of CD137+ cells from PD-1+ , CD103+ , or CD39+ TILs diminish their IFN-γ secretion in response to autologous tumor cell stimulation, while CD137+ TILs maintain high HLA-dependent IFN-γ secretion. CD137+ TILs exhibited an exhausted phenotype but with CD28 co-expression, suggesting possible receptiveness to reinvigoration via immune checkpoint blockade. Together, our findings demonstrate that the antitumor abilities of PD-1+ , CD103+ , and CD39+ TILs are mainly derived from a subset of CD137-expressing TILs, implicating CD137 as a more selective biomarker for naturally occurring tumor-specific TILs.

Discrete tissue microenvironments instruct diversity in resident memory T cell function and plasticity.

Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are non-recirculating cells that exist throughout the body. Although TRM cells in various organs rely on common transcriptional networks to establish tissue residency, location-specific factors adapt these cells to their tissue of lodgment. Here we analyze TRM cell heterogeneity between organs and find that the different environments in which these cells differentiate dictate TRM cell function, durability and malleability. We find that unequal responsiveness to TGFß is a major driver of this diversity. Notably, dampened TGFß signaling results in CD103- TRM cells with increased proliferative potential, enhanced function and reduced longevity compared with their TGFß-responsive CD103+ TRM counterparts. Furthermore, whereas CD103- TRM cells readily modified their phenotype upon relocation, CD103+ TRM cells were comparatively resistant to transdifferentiation. Thus, despite common requirements for TRM cell development, tissue adaptation of these cells confers discrete functional properties such that TRM cells exist along a spectrum of differentiation potential that is governed by their local tissue microenvironment.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22A-3-induced TGF-ß1 secretion from intestinal epithelial cells stimulated CD103+ DC and Foxp3+ Treg differentiation and amelioration of colitis in mice.

In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22A-3 (LP22A3) and attempted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. The oral administration of LP22A3 significantly inhibited body weight reduction and decreased colon shortening and colitis score in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. It was demonstrated that the production of the active-form of TGF-ß tended to increase in both the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) of the ileum and serum but not in the colon of non-DSS-treated mice by LP22A3. IL-10 level in serum was also elevated by LP22A3-treatment. The mRNA expression of TGF-ß, IL-10 and Foxp3 increased only in the small intestines of LP22A3-treated mice. Both the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 (Aldh1a2) mRNA expression and population of CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) in the small intestine significantly increased in the LP22A3-treated group. LP22A3 induced TGF-ß secretion from the IECs of the small intestine with retinoic acid production probably through TLR2, resulting in an increase in CD103+ DCs and the Foxp3+ Treg population. Both cells secrete a high level of anti-inflammatory cytokines, TGF-ß and IL-10 contributing to the protective condition in the intestine and thus making it less susceptible to inflammation. This suggested that oral administration of LP22A-3 may be an alternative therapeutic strategy for IBD.

Expression pattern of tissue-resident memory T cells in cutaneous lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Tissue resident memory T cells (TRMs) persist long-term in peripheral tissues without recirculation, triggering an immediate protective inflammatory state upon the re-recognition of the antigen. Despite evidence incriminating the dysregulation of TRMs in autoimmune diseases, few studies have examined their expression in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine whether there are differences among TRM populations in CLE depending on different clinical conditions, such as the CLE subtype or association with systemic lupus erythematosus, and to determine the effect of type I interferon (IFN) on the development of TRMs in CLE. METHODS: CLE disease activity was evaluated using the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index. The expression of the TRM markers CD69 and CD103 in CLE lesions was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Flow cytometry was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells after IFNα treatment. RESULTS: The number of TRMs expressing either CD69 or CD103 was significantly higher in CLE lesions than in control skin; however, it was not significantly different between discoid lupus erythematosus and subacute CLE, or dependent on the presence of concomitant systemic lupus. Lesional severity was not correlated with an increase in TRMs in CLE. IFNα treatment induced a conspicuous increase in CD69 expression in skin-homing T cells, more profoundly in CD4+ T cells than in CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Skin TRMs, either CD69 or CD103-positive cells, showed increased levels in the lesional skin of CLE, and IFNα increased the expression of CD69 in T cells.

Robust Antitumor Immunity in a Patient with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated with Cytotoxic Regimens.

Microsatellite-stable (MSS) colorectal cancers are characterized by low mutation burden and limited immune-cell infiltration and thereby respond poorly to immunotherapy. Here, we report a case of metastatic MSS colorectal cancer with a robust anticancer immune response. The primary tumor was resected in 2012, and the patient received several cycles of chemotherapy until 2017. In 2018, the patient underwent a left hepatectomy to remove a new metastasis. Analysis of the metastatic tumor revealed a strong CD8+ T-cell response. A high frequency of CD8+ T cells coexpressed CD39 and CD103, a phenotype characteristic of tumor-reactive cells. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified somatic mutations that generated peptides recognized by CD39+CD103+CD8+ T cells. The observed reactivity against the tumor was dominated by the response to a single mutation that emerged in the metastasis. Somatic mutations that were not immunogenic in the primary tumor led to robust CD8+ T-cell expansion later during disease progression. Our data suggest that the cytotoxic treatment regimen received by the patient might be responsible for this effect. Hence, the capacity of cytotoxic regimens to prime the immune system in colorectal cancer patients should be investigated further and might provide a rationale for combination with immunotherapy.

Longitudinal Immune Profiling Reveals Unique Myeloid and T-cell Phenotypes Associated with Spontaneous Immunoediting in a Prostate Tumor Model.

The theory of cancer immunoediting, which describes the dynamic interactions between tumors and host immune cells that shape the character of each compartment, is foundational for understanding cancer immunotherapy. Few models exist that facilitate in-depth study of each of the three canonical phases of immunoediting: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Here, we utilized NPK-C1, a transplantable prostate tumor model that we found recapitulated the three phases of immunoediting spontaneously in immunocompetent animals. Given that a significant portion of NPK-C1 tumors reliably progressed to the escape phase, we were able to delineate cell types and mechanisms differentially prevalent in equilibrium versus escape phases. Using high-dimensional flow cytometry, we found that activated CD4+ effector T cells were enriched in regressing tumors, highlighting a role for CD4+ T cells in antitumor immunity. CD8+ T cells were also important for NPK-C1 control, specifically, central memory-like cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Regulatory T cells (Treg), as a whole, were counterintuitively enriched in regressing tumors; however, high-dimensional analysis revealed their significant phenotypic diversity, with a number of Treg subpopulations enriched in progressing tumors. In the myeloid compartment, we found that iNOS+ dendritic cell (DC)-like cells are enriched in regressing tumors, whereas CD103+ DCs were associated with late-stage tumor progression. In total, these analyses of the NPK-C1 model provide novel insights into the roles of lymphoid and myeloid populations throughout the cancer immunoediting process and highlight a role for multidimensional, flow-based analyses to more deeply understand immune cell dynamics in the tumor microenvironment.

Helicobacter hepaticus is required for immune targeting of bacterial heat shock protein 60 and fatal colitis in mice.

Gut microbiota and the immune system are in constant exchange shaping both host immunity and microbial communities. Here, improper immune regulation can cause inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis. Antibody therapies blocking signaling through the CD40-CD40L axis showed promising results as these molecules are deregulated in certain IBD patients. To better understand the mechanism, we used transgenic DC-LMP1/CD40 animals with a constitutive CD40-signal in CD11c+ cells, causing a lack of intestinal CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) and failure to induce regulatory T (iTreg) cells. These mice rapidly develop spontaneous fatal colitis, accompanied by dysbiosis and increased inflammatory IL-17+IFN-γ+ Th17/Th1 and IFN-γ + Th1 cells. In the present study, we analyzed the impact of the microbiota on disease development and detected elevated IgA- and IgG-levels in sera from DC-LMP1/CD40 animals. Their serum antibodies specifically bound intestinal bacteria, and by proteome analysis, we identified a 60 kDa chaperonin GroEL (Hsp60) from Helicobacter hepaticus (Hh) as the main specific antigen targeted in the absence of iTregs. When re-derived to a different Hh-free specific-pathogen-free (SPF) microbiota, mice showed few signs of disease, normal microbiota, and no fatality. Upon recolonization of mice with Hh, the disease developed rapidly. Thus, the present work identifies GroEL/Hsp60 as a major Hh-antigen and its role in disease onset, progression, and outcome in this colitis model. Our results highlight the importance of CD103+ DC- and iTreg-mediated immune tolerance to specific pathobionts to maintain healthy intestinal balance.

Altered ratio of dendritic cell subsets in skin-draining lymph nodes promotes Th2-driven contact hypersensitivity.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) specialize in the production of type I IFN (IFN-I). pDCs can be depleted in vivo by injecting diphtheria toxin (DT) in a mouse in which pDCs express a diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) transgene driven by the human CLEC4C promoter. This promoter is enriched for binding sites for TCF4, a transcription factor that promotes pDC differentiation and expression of pDC markers, including CLEC4C. Here, we found that injection of DT in CLEC4C-DTR+ mice markedly augmented Th2-dependent skin inflammation in a model of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) induced by the hapten fluorescein isothiocyanate. Unexpectedly, this biased Th2 response was independent of reduced IFN-I accompanying pDC depletion. In fact, DT treatment altered the representation of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in the skin-draining lymph nodes during the sensitization phase of CHS; there were fewer Th1-priming CD326+ CD103+ cDC1 and more Th2-priming CD11b+ cDC2. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of CLEC4C-DTR+ cDCs revealed that CD326+ DCs, like pDCs, expressed DTR and were depleted together with pDCs by DT treatment. Since CD326+ DCs did not express Tcf4, DTR expression might be driven by yet-undefined transcription factors activating the CLEC4C promoter. These results demonstrate that altered DC representation in the skin-draining lymph nodes during sensitization to allergens can cause Th2-driven CHS.

The Proximal Airway Is a Reservoir for Adaptive Immunologic Memory in Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Characterization of the localized adaptive immune response in the airway scar of patients with idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS). STUDY DESIGN: Basic Science. METHODS: Utilizing 36 patients with subglottic stenosis (25 idiopathic subglottic stenosis [iSGS], 10 iatrogenic post-intubation stenosis [iLTS], and one granulomatosis with polyangiitis [GPA]) we applied immunohistochemical and immunologic techniques coupled with RNA sequencing. RESULTS: iSGS, iLTS, and GPA demonstrate a significant immune infiltrate in the subglottic scar consisting of adaptive cell subsets (T cells along with dendritic cells). Interrogation of T cell subtypes showed significantly more CD69+ CD103+ CD8+ tissue resident memory T cells (TRM ) in the iSGS airway scar than iLTS specimens (iSGS vs. iLTS; 50% vs. 28%, P = .0065). Additionally, subglottic CD8+ clones possessed T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences with known antigen specificity for viral and intracellular pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: The human subglottis is significantly enriched for CD8+ tissue resident memory T cells in iSGS, which possess TCR sequences proven to recognize viral and intracellular pathogens. These results inform our understanding of iSGS, provide a direction for future discovery, and demonstrate immunologic function in the human proximal airway. Laryngoscope, 131:610-617, 2021.

Impaired CCR9/CCL25 signalling induced by inefficient dendritic cells contributes to intestinal immune imbalance in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Abnormal crosstalk between gut immune and the liver was involved in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Mice with methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH presented an imbalance of pro-(IL-6 and IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) in the intestine. We also clarified that the ratio of CD4+ T cells and found that the NASH mesenteric lymph node (MLN) presents decreased numbers of CD4+Th17 cells but increased numbers of CD4+CD8+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Furthermore, the intestinal immune imbalance in NASH was attributed to impaired gut chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9)/chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) signalling, which is a crucial pathway for immune cell homing in the gut. We also demonstrated that CD4+CCR9+ T cell homing was dependent on CCL25 and that the numbers and migration abilities of CD4+CCR9+ T cells were reduced in NASH. Interestingly, the analysis of dendritic cell (DC) subsets showed that the numbers and retinal dehydrogenase (RALDH) activity of CD103+CD11b+ DCs were decreased and that the ability of these cells to upregulate CD4+ T cell CCR9 expression was damaged in NASH. Taken together, impaired intestinal CCR9/CCL25 signalling induced by CD103+CD11b+ DC dysfunction contributes to the gut immune imbalance observed in NASH.

Circulating memory CD8+ T cells are limited in forming CD103+ tissue-resident memory T cells at mucosal sites after reinfection.

Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM ) localize to barrier tissues and mediate local protection against reinvading pathogens. Circulating central memory (TCM ) and effector memory CD8+ T cells (TEM ) also contribute to tissue recall responses, but their potential to form mucosal TRM remains unclear. Here, we employed adoptive transfer and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus reinfection models to specifically assess secondary responses of TCM and TEM at mucosal sites. Donor TCM and TEM exhibited robust systemic recall responses, but only limited accumulation in the small intestine, consistent with reduced expression of tissue-homing and -retention molecules. Murine and human circulating memory T cells also exhibited limited CD103 upregulation following TGF-ß stimulation. Upon pathogen clearance, TCM and TEM readily gave rise to secondary TEM . TCM also formed secondary central memory in lymphoid tissues and TRM in internal tissues, for example, the liver. Both TCM and TEM failed to substantially contribute to resident mucosal memory in the small intestine, while activated intestinal TRM , but not liver TRM , efficiently reformed CD103+ TRM . Our findings demonstrate that circulating TCM and TEM are limited in generating mucosal TRM upon reinfection. This may pose important implications on cell therapy and vaccination strategies employing memory CD8+ T cells for protection at mucosal sites.

CD103+ cDC1 and endogenous CD8+ T cells are necessary for improved CD40L-overexpressing CAR T cell antitumor function.

While effective in specific settings, adoptive chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for cancer requires further improvement and optimization. Our previous results show that CD40L-overexpressing CAR T cells mobilize endogenous immune effectors, resulting in improved antitumor immunity. However, the cell populations required for this protective effect remain to be identified. Here we show, by analyzing Batf3-/- mice lacking the CD103+ conventional dendritic cell type 1 (cDC1) subpopulation important for antigen cross-presentation, that CD40L-overexpressing CAR T cells elicit an impaired antitumor response in the absence of cDC1s. We further find that CD40L-overexpressing CAR T cells stimulate tumor-resident CD11b-CD103- double-negative (DN) cDCs to proliferate and differentiate into cDC1s in wild-type mice. Finally, re-challenge experiments show that endogenous CD8+ T cells are required for protective antitumor memory in this setting. Our findings thus demonstrate the stimulatory effect of CD40L-overexpressing CAR T cells on innate and adaptive immune cells, and provide a rationale for using CD40L-overexpressing CAR T cells to improve immunotherapy responses.

CD103+CD8+ TRM Cells Accumulate in Tumors of Anti-PD-1-Responder Lung Cancer Patients and Are Tumor-Reactive Lymphocytes Enriched with Tc17.

Accumulation of CD103+CD8+ resident memory T (TRM) cells in human lung tumors has been associated with a favorable prognosis. However, the contribution of TRM to anti-tumor immunity and to the response to immune checkpoint blockade has not been clearly established. Using quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence on cohorts of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with anti-PD-(L)1, we show that an increased density of CD103+CD8+ lymphocytes in immunotherapy-naive tumors is associated with greatly improved outcomes. The density of CD103+CD8+ cells increases during immunotherapy in most responder, but not in non-responder, patients. CD103+CD8+ cells co-express CD49a and CD69 and display a molecular profile characterized by the expression of PD-1 and CD39. CD103+CD8+ tumor TRM, but not CD103-CD8+ tumor-infiltrating counterparts, express Aiolos, phosphorylated STAT-3, and IL-17; demonstrate enhanced proliferation and cytotoxicity toward autologous cancer cells; and frequently display oligoclonal expansion of TCR-ß clonotypes. These results explain why CD103+CD8+ TRM are associated with better outcomes in anti-PD-(L)1-treated patients.

Human Liver Macrophage Subsets Defined by CD32.

Human liver myeloid cells are imperfectly defined, but it is broadly agreed that cells of stellate appearance in situ, expressing the markers CD11b and CD68, are the liver's resident macrophages, classically termed Kupffer cells. Recent investigations using single cell RNA sequencing and unsupervised clustering algorithms suggest there are two populations of cells with the characteristics of tissue macrophages in human liver. We therefore analyzed dissociated human liver tissue using the markers CD11b and CD68 to define macrophage-like cells and found within this population two subsets that differ in their expression of multiple surface markers. These subsets were FACS-sorted based on CD32 expression, and gene expression analysis identified them with human liver myeloid cell subsets that were previously defined by two independent single cell RNA sequencing studies. Using qRT-PCR we found that the two subsets differed in the expression of genes associated with T cell activation and immunosuppression, suggesting distinct roles in T cell tolerance. In addition, one subset expressed two markers, CD1C and CD11c, more often seen on classical dendritic cells. Criteria used to distinguish macrophages from dendritic cells in other tissues may need to be revised in the human liver.

Prognostic Integrated Image-Based Immune and Molecular Profiling in Early-Stage Endometrial Cancer.

Optimum risk stratification in early-stage endometrial cancer combines clinicopathologic factors and the molecular endometrial cancer classification defined by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). It is unclear whether analysis of intratumoral immune infiltrate improves this. We developed a machine-learning, image-based algorithm to quantify density of CD8+ and CD103+ immune cells in tumor epithelium and stroma in 695 stage I endometrioid endometrial cancers from the PORTEC-1 and -2 trials. The relationship between immune cell density and clinicopathologic/molecular factors was analyzed by hierarchical clustering and multiple regression. The prognostic value of immune infiltrate by cell type and location was analyzed by univariable and multivariable Cox regression, incorporating the molecular endometrial cancer classification. Tumor-infiltrating immune cell density varied substantially between cases, and more modestly by immune cell type and location. Clustering revealed three groups with high, intermediate, and low densities, with highly significant variation in the proportion of molecular endometrial cancer subgroups between them. Univariable analysis revealed intraepithelial CD8+ cell density as the strongest predictor of endometrial cancer recurrence; multivariable analysis confirmed this was independent of pathologic factors and molecular subgroup. Exploratory analysis suggested this association was not uniform across molecular subgroups, but greatest in tumors with mutant p53 and absent in DNA mismatch repair-deficient cancers. Thus, this work identified that quantification of intraepithelial CD8+ cells improved upon the prognostic utility of the molecular endometrial cancer classification in early-stage endometrial cancer.

Dietary Glucose Consumption Promotes RALDH Activity in Small Intestinal CD103+CD11b+ Dendritic Cells.

Retinal dehydrogenase (RALDH) enzymatic activities catalyze the conversion of vitamin A to its metabolite Retinoic acid (RA) in intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and promote immunological tolerance. However, precise understanding of the exogenous factors that act as initial trigger of RALDH activity in these cells is still evolving. By using germ-free (GF) mice raised on an antigen free (AF) elemental diet, we find that certain components in diet are critically required to establish optimal RALDH expression and activity, most prominently in small intestinal CD103+CD11b+ DCs (siLP-DCs) right from the beginning of their lives. Surprisingly, systematic screens using modified diets devoid of individual dietary components indicate that proteins, starch and minerals are dispensable for this activity. On the other hand, in depth comparison between subtle differences in dietary composition among different dietary regimes reveal that adequate glucose concentration in diet is a critical determinant for establishing RALDH activity specifically in siLP-DCs. Consequently, pre-treatment of siLP-DCs, and not mesenteric lymph node derived MLNDCs with glucose, results in significant enhancement in the in vitro generation of induced Regulatory T (iTreg) cells. Our findings reveal previously underappreciated role of dietary glucose concentration in establishing regulatory properties in intestinal DCs, thereby extending a potential therapeutic module against intestinal inflammation.

Tissue-resident mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the human kidney represent a functionally distinct subset.

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T-cells that recognize bacterial riboflavin metabolites. They are present in human blood but are abundant at barrier sites, including the liver, lungs, and kidneys, where they possess a CD69+ /CD103+/- tissue-resident phenotype. In renal tissue, MAIT cells likely defend against the ascending uropathogens responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are common, especially among renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Nevertheless, the functional role for MAIT cells in renal tissue and the influence of renal transplantation on MAIT cells remains unclear. Using multiparameter flow cytometry and the MR1-tetramer, we characterized MAIT cell phenotype and function in healthy renal tissue (n = 6), renal transplants explanted after allograft failure (n = 14) and in blood from healthy controls (n = 20) and RTRs before and 1-year after transplantation (n = 21). MAIT cells in renal tissue constitute a distinct CD69+ CD103+/- population that displays typical phenotypic features of tissue-resident T-cells and is skewed toward IL-2, GM-CSF, and IL-17A production upon stimulation. The circulating MAIT cell population was not decreased in number in RTRs pre- or post-transplantation. Tissue-resident MAIT cells in the kidney represent a functionally distinct population. This shows how MAIT cells in the kidney may be involved in the protection against microorganisms.